Management Accounting

TASK 1

Management accounting importance and difference between management and financial accounting

Management accounting is the process of preparing reports for the management that provide the accurate financial and non financial information that are used by the mangers for taking various decisions. Management accounting has wide scope. Financial accounting,cost accounting revaluation,accounting control accounting and marginal accounting comes under the management accounting Taxation,break even analysis,budgetary control,audit and taxation comes under the scope of decision making of management accounting. It is prepared monthly yearly and even on the day to day basis. The users of management accounting internal such as department mangers and other officers(Zimmerman and Yahya-Zadeh2011). Management accounting shows where the organisation stands at a particular point of time.

It gives detail of the cash in hand, debtors and the creditors, variance analysis etc. management accounting is different from financial accounting. The main objectives of management accounting are it helps in measuring the performances. With the help of management accounting the performance of the employees are measured by comparing their work with the desired results. Through this process control is kept on the performance as if the results are not as that of the required than corrective actions are taken accordingly. It also helps in maintaining efficiency in the organisation by keeping regular check. Another objective of management accounting is to minimise the risk for the organisation. Through management accounting the future risk which can be anticipated in advance are studied and actions are taken accordingly so that the degree of risk can be minimised. Decision regarding allocation of resources are also taken by the company with the help of management accounting so that resources can be effectively utilised. Financial accounting is done also for the external users of the business like the share holders debtors stakeholder, government banks etc(Mitchell and Nørreklit 2010). it gives them knowledge about the financial growth of the company which they in decision taking of investment. The management reports are prepared on the basis of past performance as per the requirement where as the financial reports are prepared on the present financial situation of the company. These reports include cash flow outstanding debts day to day management etc. it is not a legal requirement to prepare the management reports but financial reports are necessary to be prepared by the limited companies. Where management accounting provide only both the financial and non financial reports the financial reports give only the financial information.

Importance of management accounting

Management accounting plays a very important role in the process of decision making. Managers are expected to take various dioecious each day andsions. Budgetary accounting helps mangers to take the various financial decisions. These include deci there decisions have long as well short term effects on the business. Therefore the management accounting provide the required data to the different mangers which help them in taking the effective decision regarding the allocation of finance in the different activities and also from where the company can raise its funds after anaylising various alternatives available in the market. Management planning also help the business in forecasting and planning. Data provided in the management make the mangers aware about the various threats and opportunities of the business.

Therefore this helps in taking the decision of future expansion and other changes if required in the existing process. Relevant cost accounting is a part of management accounting(Lukka and Modell 2010). This help the mangers in taking the decision regarding weather the the company should produce the product itself or should outsource it. Decision is taken on the basis of the data provided by the accounting that which one is more beneficial for the company. With the help of this accounting system the cash flow is anaylising ng and the returns of every year is calculated and therefore it helps in analysing the change in the consume demand potential sale and related segment . Therefore management accounting helps the manager in various fields of business by providing the relevant data.

(b) There are various types of management accounting system. Each provide reports for assistance to the different departments of the business. With the help of these reports the process of decision making becomes more easy and more effective. Different accounting system are as follows:

Cost accounting system: Cost accounting refers to the system of allocation of different expenditure in the production of different goods and services. This help in keeping control over different expenditures of the company. It include various cost appropriation like cost of production, selling and distribution. It helps in getting the exact figure of expenditure in the different activities and this way those expense can be compared with the past data and the changes are recorded for the purpose of making comparisons(Weißenberger and Angelkort 2011). Apart from comparisons the data also helps in taking the future decisions regarding the estimates. Cost accounting helps in providing the right information too the right person so that the right decision can be taken by the right time.

Inventory management system: This managements system help in keeping check on the total inventory of the business. It is important for the business to maintain the required inventory stock with themselves. Decision regarding the inventory are very important as if the inventory is excess in stock than it will lead to increase in the cost of storing it. Whereas if the inventory is in the deficit than availability of the product will result into loss of sales and therefore the overall profit will get reduce.

Job costing system:Information related to the cost associated with different jobs are given in this accounting system. In this the information of the cost of labour, overhead cost and the cost of direct material is given. These costs are needed to be customised sometimes as per the need of the customer. Sometimes the customer do not want all the cost to be charged against them and pay for only certain jobs.

Price optimising system: It is a very important accounting system in this the report n how customer respond to different prices are prepared(Macintosh and Quattrone 2010). The customer is very price sensitive. Any change in the price has direct effect on the demand of the product. Customer before buying any product from the market compares the price of other substitute that are available in the market and than take the buying decision. Therefore price of any product is kept after anylising the trend of the market for which data is provided by the management accounting team to the mangers.

TASK 2

Income statements as per absorption and marginal costing

Marginal costing: Marginal cost is the cost of producing one more unit. Marginal cost is the that cost which arise one more product is made by the production department. One can say the increase and that decrease in the total cost of production by making one more unit of the product is known as marginal costing. When adding more unit in the production process helps in decreasing the total cost of production than it helps the organisation or is in the benefit of the enterprise to produce that unit otherwise making another product in the will increase the total cost of production process.

Absorption costing: Absorption costing is the cost which arise on making a product or all that direct expenses which arise on making a product comes the absorption costing. Absorption costing does not include fixed cost occurred on making a product because it is that cost which occurred when there is no sales or also when the production process is not carry by the production department. Absorption costing concept only calculates the variable cost which arise on making a product. In brief,Absorption costing adds all the direct expenses and indirect cost which occur while making a product without adding fixed in it.

TASK 3

Budgets and its advantages and disadvantages

a)Different types of budgets are prepared for the mangers. These budgets has their own advantages and disadvantages on the business. Different budgets are prepared for different departments depending upon the motive behind why they are prepared.

1 Master budget: It is the aggregate of the different budgets of the company. Through this budget the complete knowledge about the companies finance can be taken out. It includes various factors like the total assets sales assets sources of income etc. it is usually prepared in the big companies and other budgets are made on the basis of this master budget.

2.Operating budget: These budgets are frequently prepared in the organisation. These are related to the operating activities of any business like production sales manufacturing cost etc.

3.Cash flow budget: This budget gives the details of cash flows in and out of the business in a particular period of time(Ward 2012 ). It helps in keeping check on the efficiency of cash transactions. In the cash flow budgets details of cash outstanding with outsiders and cash payable to the the outsiders are given which give the net amount of cash in hand with the business. The cash flow budget help in taking decision regarding expansion of business or if any change is required in the existing financial policy.

b)A set process is followed by the Inda tech company to prepare the budget for its company:

1.Obtaining estimates: The company gets the estimates of the future sales, cost that is expected against them, resources available for the production etc. The head of the departments estimate these activities and make the budget accordingly. Reports are prepared and then submitted to the heads and approval is taken from them.

2.Coordinating estimates: At this step the different estimates are carefully analysed and then the best suitable option is selected which gives the maximum profit and have more chances to be practically implemented. It is estimated on the basis of available resources with the organisation.

3.Communicating budget: Once the budget is prepared it is communicated to the different concern departments. The budget than act as a ground on which different activities take place. It is helpful for the mangers to have budget for their work to be done as they get the idea as how they have to carry out their activities.

4.Implementing the budget plan: Once the budget is communicated in the different departments the budget is reviewed by the concern department heads. They go through the budget and then the resources required to full fill that budget are also provided to them(Soin and Collier 2013). After making all the resources available the implementation of the action for which the budget is prepared take place.

(c)Pricing strategies: As the Inda company is deals with a product which has many substitutes available in the market, the company has to adopt a very effective pricing strategy.Proper market survey should be done before fixing the price(Otley and Emmanuel 2013). The price should not exceed much from other similar products as this will bring loss of potential customer to the company.

TASK 4

Balance scorecard approach and its use in attain financial governance and development of effective strategies

Balanced score approach is a strategies performance management,in the balance score including strategies planning and management system that is used large business and industry governments and non profit entity(Abuazza and et. al., 2015). Imda Tech (UK) Ltd to use balance score approach strategies to improve external and internal communication to monitor and performance against strategies goals. Imda Tech (UK) Ltd the strategies evolved from use a simple performance measurement to framework to strategic planning and managements.

The the entity balance scorecard approach transform organisation use a daily strategies plan. The strategies is help to identify planners not only performance management. The balance scorecard access the traditional measure(Spivacenco, 2015). In this approach provide feedback related entity process and outcomes in order continue improve performance and results. Cited enterprise disregard the traditional need of financial data,to Need to including additional financial related data, cost benefits to effective the entity of financial statements. Balance scorecards is very effective to analysis the aspect of entity performance(AlfantoroAnghelache and et.al 2012). Imda Tech (UK) Limited has recently published for the last financial year a loss of £1.5 million the effective to financial health and various points to impacts like customers satisfaction is down employee training is deficient or that processes are outdated.

Balance scorecards approach only thing being future evaluated. Allow for stakeholders to determine the health of long term objectives achieve. Finally by using a Balanced scorecards a n enterprise can sure that if any strategies action implemented(SANGANÄ°, HADJÄ° and NONAHAL-NAHR, 2015). The price of a product down help to bottom line in the long run the process involves to creating a product make to the hight quality.

Imda Tech (UK) Ltd adopts a balance and comprehensive approach of judgement and controlling an organisation performance to st up objectives and learning growth. Firm can integrate financial and non financial goals measurement into a single system to considers traditional techniques(Ciotină and CIOTINĂ, 2013). Business enterprise brings central management focus to communicates and understanding business goals and strategies all the level of organisation.

Poorly define metrics can be defined as a disadvantage of using balanced score card approach. To collected at the ideal frequencies for making decision. lack of efficient data collecting and reporting,no process improvements methodology , only focus on the internal and review of structures related disadvantages impact to balance score card approach.
How it can be used to improve financial governance and development of effective strategies
Imda Tech (UK) limited used to improve governance and developing various effective principals: The basis of an effective governance teamwork:

• To promote efficient market be consistent with the rule of law and to promote division among different super enforcement authorise
• The board scorecards fretwork to financial objectives to maximize long term total return to shareholders. Strengthen and motivate executive performance. Oversee succession planning for try position(Delima and Kristanti, 2016).
• The enterprise balanced scorecard access information for executive management and the board :
• To improve financial grow revenue,provide customers financial solution for life, balance score adopters to use the tools for interactive discussion with their board about the strategies direction to keep the apprised of performance and other way essential provide members financial and non financial information about balance score card and fulfilling their performance oversight responsibilities the enterprise with supporting primary documents distributes board meeting(Kendrick, 2012). The strategic is also provide accountabilities to the board primary committees it is responsibilities for performance oversight. Primary oversight evaluating motivating executive.

There are two types of governance strategies is the most create solid information

Governance strategies: Safer or more secure data: The establishing effective information governance strategies involves a rules and responsibilities, standard and regulation to improve securities reliability integrating quality of data in improve in the governance strategies.Improved collaborating data integral to the business modern success to help business innovation to decision making(Marpaung, Marlina and Amelia, 2016).

Reduced cost: in this strategies to information more efficient use and to increase productivity and reduce wastes. Cited enterprise with a comprehensive information governance strategies also in cares ability to comply more effectively risk reducing.

CONCLUSION

As per the above mentioned facts and figures which are there in this report it can be concluded that management accounting techniques can be used by any enterprise in order to utilize the financial and non financial available sources of it. Through its techniques these resources can generate better returns further methods like forecasting or budgeting Imda Tech (UK) Ltd can plan their activities and future projects in an efficient way. Further balanced score card approach can be used for sustaining the financial governance and effective strategy making. As management accounting is a combination of accounting and managerial principles hence through it better decision making can be there. As through it managerial personnels can utilize balanced score card method which is basically a process through which strategies can be drafted and made as per the required level of effectiveness and scope. Further in this file methods of absorption and marginal costing is used in order to compute the net profit of Imda Tech (UK) Ltd.

REFERENCES

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